Gerald Jay Sussman is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at MIT and has been involved in artificial intelligence research since 1964. His research has centered on understanding the problem-solving strategies used by scientists in order to automate parts of the process to provide more effective methods of science and engineering education. Sussman also worked in computer languages and invented the Scheme programming language in 1975 with his student Guy L. Steele. Furthermore, he applied artificial intelligence to computer-aided design and developed sophisticated computer-aided design tools for VLSI.
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Dr. Harry Foundalis devised a computational architecture to solve Bongard problems, called Phaeaco. He said that his basic premise regarding Bongard problems is: "I see Bongard problems not as a mere collection of cute visual puzzles, but as a gateway that allows us to get a glimpse at the foundations of cognition: a set of principles that are as fundamental for cognitive science as Newton’s laws are for physics. Bongard problems themselves are solved primarily as a consequence of following some fundamental principles of cognition" . Foundalis stopped working on Bongard problems in 2006 due to ethical concerns regarding machines that can pass as human but resumed in 2011. He wrote this webpage explaining why he had stopped. how many and which problems Phaeaco can solve, and how fast.
Beethoven's Ninth Symphony (also known as "the Choral"), is the last complete symphony composed by Ludwig van Beethoven. It is one of the best works of the repertoire of classical music. Furthermore, it is considered to be Beethoven's greatest work. It is even considered by many to be the greatest piece of music ever written. The ninth symphony was the first time that a major composer uses voices in a symphony. The words in the final movement are sung by four vocal soloists and a chorus. They were taken from the "Ode to Joy", a poem written by Friedrich Schiller in 1785, with some additions made by Beethoven. The text without repeats is shown below, with a translation into English. Beethovens additions are underlined.
The Symphony is traditionally performed in Japan at the end of year celebrations. Also, between 1956 and 1968, the "Ode to Joy" segment of the symphony was played as an anthem at the Olympic Games for the Unified Team of Germany. In 1972, the music (without the words) was adopted as the Anthem of Europe by the Council of Europe and subsequently by the European Communities (now the European Union) in 1985.
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